The bioethanol is produced from sugar beet (or other plants rich in sugar), cereal, alcohol, wine or biomass through a process of distillation. In Spain, industrial production mainly uses corn as raw material, with the possibility of using the surplus of the transformed sugar beet industry in sweet juices of low cost. In general, we use three product families to obtain alcohol:
- Sugars, from cane or beet, for example. Cereals
- by fermentation of sugars from starch.
- biomass for the fermentation of sugars contained in cellulose and hemicellulose.
The general scheme of production of bioethanol shows the next stages in the process:
• Dilution : The addition of water to adjust the amount of sugar in the mixture or (ultimately) the amount of alcohol in the product. It is necessary because the yeast used later in the process of fermentation can die from too great a concentration of alcohol. •
conversion: The conversion is the process of converting starch and cellulose into fermentable sugars. Can be achieved by the use of malt extracts, enzymes contained in malt, or by treatment of starch (or cellulose) with acid in an acid hydrolysis process. • Fermentation
: The alcoholic fermentation is an anaerobic process carried out by yeast, basically. Alcoholic fermentation obtained a large number of products, including alcohol.
• Distillation and Dehydration : The distillation is a separate operation, with heat, the liquid components of a mixture (ethanol / water). A form of distillation, known since antiquity, is to obtain alcohol by applying heat to a fermented mixture.
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